Multi-analytical techniques for the Study of Historical Pigments in the Painted Ceilings of Sadr Jahromi’s House in Shiraz, Iran

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Conservation and Archaeometry, Faculty of Cultural Materials Conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University, P.O. Box: 15385-4567, Tabriz, Iran.

2 Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

This study investigates the pigments and materials employed in the wooden ceiling paintings discovered beneath the mirrorwork decorations of Sadr Jahromi's house in Shiraz. Multi-analytical techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), optical microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were utilized to characterize the pigments and varnish. The analysis identified natural ultramarine blue, red lead, copper-based green (likely malachite), lead chromate, and white lead, either as individual components or in combinations, within the painter's palette. Shellac was also used as a protective varnish for the painting. Moreover, SEM-EDX analysis revealed the presence of gold leaf applied beneath the paint layers. The findings suggest that the pigments used in these artworks date no earlier than the 19th century, reflecting the technical sophistication and artistic practices characteristic of the Qajar period. This research aids in documenting pigment technologies and developing conservation strategies for such cultural heritage.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 05 November 2025

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