https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/ Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings en daily 1 Tue, 01 Jun 2027 00:00:00 +0430 Tue, 01 Jun 2027 00:00:00 +0430 https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82173.html A newly designed diaza-18-crown-6 ether featuring two fluorogenic 1,8-naphthalimide side arms has been developed. This synthesized fluorescent dye (BNDA) presented a dual OFF-ON / ON-OFF response arising from switching between monomer and excimer emissions in the presence of copper ions. The binding behavior of BNDA with Cu2+ was thoroughly examined using fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding constant of BNDA with Cu2+ was determined through the Benesi–Hildebrand plot, yielding values of 5.57 × 106 M−1, indicating selective and sensitive interactions. This probe exhibited exceptional selectivity for copper ions, with a notably low detection limit of 29 nM, as well as a wide linear range of 2.9×10-4 – 4 µM response. To ascertain its practical application, BNDA was successfully applied for determining copper ions in real environmental samples of tap water, black tea, and human hair. Its good reversibility, stable response, and wide pH of 4.2 to 7.5, along with a strong linear range, make it a promising candidate for sensitive detection of Cu2+. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82184.html The present study aimed to investigate the surface color properties of graphene-based hybrid epoxy coatings using the CIE Lab color space (L*, a*, b*), total color difference, and chromaticity coordinates, with multivariate optimization performed through a Box–Behnken experimental design. Within the four-factor, three-level design space, L values ranged from 17.09 to 71.55, a* values from -2.18 to +0.27, b* values from 0.65 to 2.96, and ΔE values from 2.39 to 47.13. The minimum color difference (ΔE = 2.39) was obtained for the formulation containing 0.5 wt. % graphene, 0 wt. % boron carbide, 1 wt. % zinc borate, and 1 wt. % organic fiber, relative to black reference coating used in military aircraft. Response surface models showed high predictive capability, with R² values of 0.9920, 0.9912, 0.9922, and 0.9492 for L*, a*, b*, and ΔE, respectively. Analysis of variance showed that graphene content was the most influential factor affecting all color responses, particularly ΔE, due to its strong light-absorbing effect, which reduced surface lightness and suppressed color difference. The chromaticity coordinates of the coatings were clustered within a narrow region of the diagram (x = 0.31-0.32, y = 0.33-0.34), while the correlated color temperature values were mainly in the range of 4550-5076 K. Overall, the results demonstrated that formulation control and ΔE minimization effectively improved color stability and camouflage compatibility in aerospace and defence coating applications, ensuring strong optical consistency. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82185.html This research investigates the corrosion inhibition performance of a newly developed Schiff base compound, N-benzylidenethiophene-2-sulfonamide (NB2S), for protecting mild steel (MS) in a 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) environment. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out through various techniques, including weight loss (WL) analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and density functional theory (DFT). The mass loss findings indicated that NB2S’s inhibitory performance improved with concentration, achieving up to 95.86 % efficiency at 0.005 M after a 24-hour immersion. Impedance analysis showed an increase in charge-transfer resistance and a decrease in double-layer capacitance, reflecting strong surface adsorption. PDP measurements revealed that NB2S suppresses cathodic and anodic reactions, acting as a mixed-type inhibitor. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model, with thermodynamic parameters indicating a spontaneous, exothermic adsorption process. Computational DFT results aligned with experimental observations, highlighting a low energy gap (ΔE = 5.236 eV), high dipole moment, and electronic features conducive to strong interaction with the metal surface. Surface imaging by SEM further demonstrated formation of a protective barrier on the steel surface.  https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82177.html Polyester/wool blended fabrics (55:45), conventionally dyed with reactive and disperse dyes, present challenges related to toxicity and environmental sustainability. This study investigates an eco-friendly dyeing approach for PET/Wool fabrics using natural colorants extracted from annatto seeds. The fabrics were dyed at concentrations ranging from 1-30 % o.w.f. and at temperatures of 90, 110, and 130 °C for 30 minutes using the exhaust dyeing method. Colorimetric analysis showed that increasing dye concentration and temperature generally produced darker, more saturated shades, as reflected in decreasing L* values. Changes in color strength (K/S) indicated that maximum dye uptake occurred at 90 °C for low concentrations, while higher concentrations (15-30 %) exhibited superior absorption at 110 °C, with limited additional benefit at 130 °C. Fastness evaluation revealed that wash and rubbing fastness improved significantly at elevated temperatures due to enhanced dye penetration into both fiber components. Sublimation fastness similarly increased with temperature, indicating stronger dye–fiber interactions at 110 and 130 °C. Light fastness remained the principal limitation, with poor resistance across most conditions, showing only moderate improvement at low dye concentration (1 %) and the highest dyeing temperature. Overall, the findings highlight dyeing temperature as a critical factor in optimizing color depth and fastness performance in annatto-dyed PET/Wool blends. The study demonstrates the potential of annatto as a natural and environmentally benign alternative for producing moderately fast and aesthetically appealing shades on polyester–wool blended textiles.Keywords: One bath dyeing, Annatto dye, Polyester-wool fabric, Color Fastness, Colorimetric Analysis https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82186.html Recent revisions to the Pantone Matching System (PMS), including the reduction of base inks from 18 to 11 and the transition toward subscription-based digital access, represent a fundamental shift in how spot colors are defined, communicated, and reproduced across the printing and packaging industries. This paper critically examines the technical, practical, and colorimetric implications of these changes, with particular emphasis on ink formulation transparency, reproducibility, and measurement consistency. Through comparative analysis of legacy and revised Pantone base inks, spatial mapping of color distributions in CIELAB space, and evaluation of published formulation data, several inconsistencies are identified, including redundant color clustering, ultra‑low formulation percentages that raise questions about realistic manufacturing tolerances, and identical L*a*b* values assigned to materially different ink mixtures. The study further highlights discrepancies arising from differing measurement conditions (M0, M1, M2) across platforms such as Pantone Connect, PantoneLIVE™, and ICC-based workflows, underscoring systemic misalignment in color definition protocols. While recent reforms aim to improve sustainability and streamline ink inventories, the findings suggest that these benefits are accompanied by reduced practical clarity for print buyers and manufacturers, particularly in common “number-based” spot color workflows. Open-access alternatives are discussed as potential pathways toward greater transparency, interoperability, and spectral robustness. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82192.html With the increasing demand for sustainable textile processing, plant-based colorants have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional synthetic dyes due to their renewable nature, biodegradability, and lower environmental impact. This study demonstrates auxiliary-free dyeing of 100 % polyester fabric using Syzygium samarangense leaf extract as a bio-based dye, achieving satisfactory coloration and fastness properties. The present study explores the dyeing potential of Syzygium samarangense leaf extract,a tannin-rich natural resource for the coloration of 100 % polyester fabric. The dyeing process was conducted using the exhaust method at 80, 90, and 100 °C for 60 minutes. The colorimetric evaluation revealed K/S values of 1.2, 1.3, and 1.1, indicating that dye uptake was most favorable at 90 °C. FTIR analysis confirmed that the Syzygium samarangense leaf extract adhered to the polyester surface through possible hydrogen bonding, enabling effective coloration even in the absence of auxiliaries. The dyed fabrics exhibited acceptable fastness properties to wash, light, pers-piration, and rubbing. The findings suggest that Syzygium samarangense leaf extract offers a promising, sustainable route for auxiliary-free dyeing of polyester fabrics, aligning with the global drive toward greener textile processing.  https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82178.html Heavy metal contamination in aqueous media poses significant risks to environmental and human health. Effective removal of these contaminants from water sources is crucial to safeguard ecosystems, ensure safe drinking water, and prevent bioaccumulation in food chains. This study focused on the synthesis of a hybrid pigment by combining an organic and an inorganic component. The resulting pigments exhibited the capacity to absorb metal ions. Notably, for the first time, a Silica-Alizarin Red S hybrid pigment (SC-ARS) was developed using porous silica powder. This hybrid pigment was evaluated for its effectiveness in removing heavy metals, including lead (Pb(II)), copper (Cu(II)), and cadmium (Cd(II)), from aqueous media. The synthesis process comprised three key steps: The initial step involved synthesizing the mineral component using the Stöber method and characterizing its surface properties and morphology. The second step focused on functionalizing the material to develop the SC-ARS hybrid pigment and on optimizing the binding of Alizarin Red S to the silica substrate. Finally, a thorough investigation was conducted to identify the optimal conditions for Alizarin Red S adsorption. The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity was achieved at 298 K, pH 5, an initial dye concentration of 5 g/L, 0.04 g of adsorbent, and a contact time of 10 minutes. The SC-ARS pigment exhibited notable removal efficiencies for heavy metal ions, achieving 96 % removal for Cu(II), 84 % for Cd(II), and 99 % for Pb(II) from aqueous solutions, as confirmed by ICP analysis. This outcome emphasizes its potential as an effective adsorbent for environmental applications. The potential industrial applications of these hybrid materials include wastewater treatment, environmental remediation, water filtration systems, chemical manufacturing, coatings and paints, agricultural applications, and electronics and battery production. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82174.html Fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) and a commercial hybrid epoxy were evaluated for their barrier performance and damage tolerance in simulated Sabkha soil and Persian Gulf seawater environments at 23 and 36 °C. The study utilized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and adhesion testing to quantify coating degradation in intact, scratched, and cathodic disbondment (CD) scenarios. Results indicated a distinct performance trade-off: intact FBE exhibited superior primary barrier properties, maintaining a higher low-frequency impedance modulus (>1010 Ω cm²) and lower capacitance than the hybrid system, which is attributed to its tighter microstructure. However, under damaged conditions coupled with cathodic protection, the hybrid epoxy demonstrated superior defect tolerance. While the FBE coating showed increased susceptibility to oxide lift and alkaline-induced delamination, particularly in Persian Gulf seawater at 36 °C, the hybrid system effectively resisted interfacial degradation, maintaining a NACE rating of 2 in the same aggressive environment. Mechanical testing confirmed that both systems possessed excellent initial adhesion with pull-off strengths consistently exceeding 1000 psi and cohesive failure modes. The findings suggest that while FBE offers better initial isolation, the hybrid epoxy provides enhanced reliability in scenarios where mechanical damage and subsequent cathodic disbondment are the primary failure risks. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82179.html This study provides one of the most comprehensive datasets to date on heavy metal contamination in Iranian architectural paints, encompassing 72 samples from eight major brands. The present work investigates heavy metal content in architectural (decorative household) paints available in Iran and situates the findings in a regional and global context. Seventy-two samples of white, yellow, and red paints from eight local brands were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Lead concentrations ranged between 1.16 and 13,206 ppm, with 79% of samples exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 90 ppm. Yellow paints showed the highest values, likely due to lead chromate pigments. Statistical analyses (one-way and factorial ANOVA) revealed significant differences in lead levels across colors, brands, and their interactions (p < 0.01). The results reveal strong correlations among Pb, Cr, Sn, and As, pointing to pigment-based sources such as lead chromate and organotin compounds. This study highlights the urgent need for regulatory enforcement, the substitution of hazardous pigments, and alignment with the WHO–UNEP’s 2025 global update, which reports that 94 countries have binding lead paint laws. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82187.html In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized using the glycine-nitrate combustion method and structurally and morphologically characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of pure ZnO phase with wurtzite structure and nano-crystalline nature of particles, average crystallite size was calculated at 37 nm. Electron microscopy SEM-TEM images confirmed the quasi-spherical morphology of nanoparticles. In order to evaluate the bio-efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria were performed and biologically effective concentration range was selected for use in coating suspension. ZnO nanoparticles were added to carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) base coatings at selected concentrations and applied to paper. Using a full factorial design of experiments (DOE), the simultaneous effect of ZnO concentration and coating thickness on the antibacterial index (R), tensile strength, and burst strength of the coated paper was investigated. Statistical analysis and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to model the main and interaction effects of parameters and develop predictive models. The results showed that ZnO concentration and coating thickness play a decisive role in the antibacterial performance and mechanical properties. Multi-response optimization was performed considering the maximization of antibacterial property and mechanical properties of the paper. The proposed DOE–RSM hybrid framework provides an effective and reliable approach for the design and optimization of antibacterial paper coatings, what the optimize results are related to ZnO (wt%); 7.55%, and Thickness (µm)120. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82196.html Considering increasing environmental awareness, research has shifted towards the development of eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes. This study analyzes the potential of Dalbergia sissoo wood waste, a natural dye source containing neoflavonoids, for use in 100% cotton fabric. The dye was applied using bio-mordants at 90 °C for 60 minutes without using other auxiliaries. The color strength (K/S) results showed that the dyed cotton fabric without any mordant provided a moderate K/S value of 1.5. However, the involvement of amla as a bio-mordant considerably increased the color intensity, resulting in a higher K/S value of 3.2. FTIR analysis confirms the intermolecular interactions between cotton fibers and dye molecules. The colored fabrics provided satisfactory fastness properties. The undyed fabric and without mordant dyed fabric displayed high moisture management ability (OMMC 0.8563 and 0.8657, respectively), while dyed fabrics mordanted with aloe vera, tamarind, myrobalan, and amla showed lower performance due to pore blockage by bio-mordant residues. The dyed fabric exhibited functional properties, including improved ultraviolet protection, and achieved bacterial reduction 52.4% in bacterial count compared to the undyed samples. Overall, the outcomes recommend that Dalbergia sissoo wood waste extract can be an effective natural dye for cotton fabric. Moreover, this approach offers an auxiliary-free dyeing process that aligns with eco-friendly textile practices and reduces the environmental footprint of conventional textile dyeing. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82197.html Automotive bumpers play a pivotal role in vehicle safety by effectively absorbing impact energy during collisions. Polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber have attracted great attention in automotive bumper production due to their high impact strength and flexibility. However, they suffer from low surface tension due to the non-polarity of their olefinic base, resulting in poor wettability and coating adhesion strength. Various surface treatment techniques, such as flame, plasma, and chemical treatments, have been carried out to overcome the aforementioned issues; among them, flame treatment has attracted great attention, especially in industry, as a result of its low cost. The current study has focused on optimizing four flame treatment parameters, including air pressure inside the cabin, gas flame pressure, flame/ surface gap, and treatment time using experimental design methodologies, particularly Robust Design of Experiments (DoE). Different analyses were carried out to determine the best process conditions of flame treatment to optimize the bumper properties (i.e., surface tension, adhesion strength, immersion strength, moisture strength, high-pressure wash (water jet) strength and adhesion strength after humidification and after immersion).The obtained results indicate that gas flame pressure, flame/ surface gap, and treatment time have the most impact on responses, and the optimum treatment conditions are 10 cm distance between sample surface and flame, 120 s treatment time, and gas flame pressure equal to 200-220 mbar. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82199.html CuO nano particles were synthesized via precipitation route using various surface modifiers (SMs) including Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG), (3-Glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (3-GPTMS), Triton X-100 , Ethylene glycol (EG) and Oleic Acid. The effects of the SMs type on the structure, microstructure and optical band gap of nano paticles were studied. Results generally showed that the SMs type led to formation of nanostructured monoclinic CuO phase with no considerable change in the structure and with crystallite size of ≤10nm. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra represented corresponding bands of Cu-O bonds in all nano particle samples. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed that highly agglomerated semispherical nano particles were obtained. Also, transmission electron micrographs showed synthesis using SDS and 3-GPTMS led to smallest and largest nano particles. Furthermore, considerable band gap broadenning of powders from 2.6 up to 4eV confirms the nano nature of synthesized particles even in quantum region. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82200.html This study explored the eco-friendly application of natural dyes extracted from Papaver rhoeas petals for cotton fabric coloration. Due to growing environmental concerns, natural dyes are being considered as alternatives to synthetic dyes; however, they often suffer from low color strength and poor fastness. To overcome these challenges, this study examined how different mordanting methods, including pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting, a range of metallic and plant-based mordants, and various acid types influence dyeing performance. The petals of Papaver rhoeas contain anthocyanins, especially cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, which provide bright red to purple shades. The results showed that the mordanting method, acid type, and mordant type significantly affected color strength, shade, and fastness properties. Among the tested acids, citric and oxalic acids provided the most favorable dyeing performance, while meta-mordanting was the most effective method overall. Furthermore, natural mordants such as pomegranate rind, oak bark, and Juglans regia performed as well as or better than traditional metal mordants such as tin and iron. Pomegranate rind produced the highest color strength, while these bio-mordants improved color depth and durability. Overall, the study demonstrates that when appropriate mordanting methods, mordant types, and acid types are selected, Papaver rhoeas can be used as an effective and sustainable natural dye for cotton fabrics. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82202.html Protective coatings played an important role in surface protection and in enhancing the visual appearance of coated substrates. In this study, the factors influencing the development of highly glossy coating systems, designed to achieve optimized optical, thermal, and morphological performance, were investigated. The study focused on developing adaptive surfaces by incorporating white aqueous pigments, castor oil, and titanium metallic particles into an epoxy resin matrix applied on aluminium substrates. A systematic evaluation of additive concentrations was carried out to achieve controlled dispersion and improved visual appearance. Infrared thermography, gloss measurements, colorimetry, contact angle analysis, and TG/DTA techniques were used for characterization. The results indicated that the optimized formulation influenced both surface and thermal properties. Infrared analysis showed variations in heat distribution among epoxy-based samples, while gloss measurements suggested that samples with lower temperature fluctuations tended to exhibit higher gloss values, indicating improved surface uniformity. Surface energy analysis revealed a transition from the reference surface condition (contact angle: 65.20°) to a more hydrophilic optimized condition (contact angle: 48.38°), suggesting an increase in surface wettability. TG/DTA results showed that the addition of titanium metallic particles increased the residual mass at 600°C, indicating enhanced thermal stability and increased char formation rather than complete thermal degradation of the material. Overall, the optimized coating system demonstrated improved combined thermal, optical, and surface properties, providing a promising approach for multifunctional coating applications. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82204.html The cultural perspective plays a pivotal role in the commercial and industrial success of products, with the color selection process, particularly the choice of black, having a profound emotional impact on consumers. The human visual system distinguishes colors into chromatic and achromatic categories, with black being a significant achromatic color that holds considerable commercial value across various industries, including textiles, printing, automotive, paints, ink, and cosmetics. To maintain quality control, industries require a reliable index to measure blackness. However, the development of such an index is complicated by the subjective nature of color perception, which is influenced by an observer's emotional feelings, cultural and scientific background. This paper delves into the perception and preference of blackness among Iranians, considering their literature, culture, religion, emotions, and scientific viewpoints. The results of this study showed that blackness is not a monolithic concept but is perceived through a spectrum of opposing aspects. Historically, Iranians have associated black with a range of contradictory meanings. In everyday life and popular culture, black commonly symbolizes mourning and sorrow and is used in religious and formal ceremonies. Yet, in the realms of art, literature, mythology, and Sufism, blackness is interpreted in dual, contrasting ways. These varied interpretations present a significant challenge to the objective assessment of blackness. In fact, developing an index to assess the perceived blackness that gains universal acceptance from color associations appears to be a complex task. This suggests that cultural semiotic structures may act as cognitive priors influencing perceptual evaluation of blackness. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82205.html In this work, a sustainable precipitation method was used to prepare a zinc oxide–bentonite clay (ZnO/BT) composite and to evaluate its catalytic performance in a digitally controlled baffle photocatalytic reactor (DBPCR) for hybrid adsorption and photo-oxidation degradation. The prepared composite was characterized using XRD, FTIR, BET, FE-SEM, and DRS to explain its structure and properties. The working parameters, including pH, process time, temperature, and dose was analyzed by Box-Behnken design from the response surface methodology to maximize organic removal. The new reactor design provided superior mixing and light distribution, promoting combined physical and chemical treatment. The new composite achieved an excellent removal efficiency of 99.7% for organic pollutants in refinery wastewater (RWW), compared with 90.5% for nano clay (80–100 nm particle size and less than 150 nm). The results indicate that photo-oxidation degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, attributed to enhanced interfacial charge transfer, reduced electron–hole recombination during photo-oxidation, and increased free radical formation. The combination of sustainable preparation with a baffled digital oxidation reactor demonstrates a viable, high-performance technique for organic remediation. This nano composite displays excellent stability and can be recycled over multiple cycles, more than six times, with organic removal of more than 82.5%, emphasizing its potential for large-scale industrial applications in adsorption/oxidation processes and ecological catalysis for wastewater treatment. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82206.html Bromocresol purple (BCP) was investigated as a corrosion inhibitor for D16T aluminum alloy in 1.0 M HCl using experimental and quantum-chemical methods. It was found that the inhibition efficiency increased with inhibitor concentration and temperature, reaching 93.16% at 0.30 g·dm-3 and 313 K. Adsorption was best described by the Langmuir model (R2 > 0.996), while the Frumkin model indicated weak lateral interactions between adsorbed species. The negative ΔG0ads values (−24.83 to −29.58 kJ·mol-1), together with positive ΔH0ads and ΔS0ads, demonstrated spontaneous, endothermic, and temperature-favored adsorption. Polarization measurements revealed a decrease in jcorr from 1.16·10-4 to 1.48·10-5 A·cm-2, confirming mixed-type inhibition, while the contact angle increased from 53.57° to 93.96°. UV–Vis and FTIR analyses confirmed interfacial retention of BCP and the involvement of oxygen-containing groups and the conjugated π-system in adsorption. Quantum-chemical calculations at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level showed that the quinonoid form had a lower HOMO–LUMO gap (7.30 vs. 9.51 eV), higher softness (0.274 vs. 0.210 eV-1), and higher electrophilicity (5.31 vs. 3.37 eV) than the lactone form, indicating enhanced charge-transfer capability. The results support a mixed physisorption–chemisorption mechanism leading to the formation of a compact protective layer that limits access of aggressive species to active dissolution sites. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82207.html The trend of take-out food consumption continues to rise, raising concerns about ensuring that packaging is safe for consumers and the environment. Paper is a widely used packaging material; however, it must be coated to make it impermeable to water and oil. An option for a safe and biodegradable coating material is plant oil. In this study, various oils (candlenut, linseed, palm, olive, soybean, and walnut) were applied to papers and then heated to induce oxidative polymerization. The oil-coated papers were analyzed for their resistance to oil and water, coating mass and thickness, morphology, texture, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy profile, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile. Candlenut oil-, linseed oil-, soybean oil-, and walnut oil-coated papers were impermeable to water and oil. Differences were observed in the oils' viscosities and the papers' dry coating mass, morphology, puncture force, puncture distance, tensile force, and elongation distance, as well as their FTIR and XRD profiles. Morphological data indicated that oils with higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content showed more cross-linking. The coated papers demonstrated mechanical properties comparable to or better than those of uncoated paper. These findings suggest that candlenut, linseed, soybean, and walnut oils are promising candidates as lining materials for paper used as take-out food packaging.