Lead in Iranian Architectural Paints: National Data, Regional Comparison, and Policy Implications

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 ICST

2 icst

3 AUT

Abstract

This study provides one of the most comprehensive datasets to date on heavy metal contamination in Iranian architectural paints, encompassing 72 samples from eight major brands. The present work investigates heavy metal content in architectural (decorative household) paints available in Iran and situates the findings in a regional and global context. Seventy-two samples of white, yellow, and red paints from eight local brands were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Lead concentrations ranged between 1.16 and 13,206 ppm, with 79% of samples exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 90 ppm. Yellow paints showed the highest values, likely due to lead chromate pigments. Statistical analyses (one-way and factorial ANOVA) revealed significant differences in lead levels across colors, brands, and their interactions (p < 0.01). The results reveal strong correlations among Pb, Cr, Sn, and As, pointing to pigment-based sources such as lead chromate and organotin compounds. This study highlights the urgent need for regulatory enforcement, the substitution of hazardous pigments, and alignment with the WHO–UNEP’s 2025 global update, which reports that 94 countries have binding lead paint laws.

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Main Subjects

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 04 May 2026

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