Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213419220260501Coating Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy with Hydroxyapatite Using Pyrolysis Spray Improves Corrosion and Osseointegration Characteristics for Biomedical Applications (In-vitro study)1131338211310.30509/pccc.2025.167501.1376ENG. HamedFarhanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-nahrain University, P.O. Box: 62021, Baghdad, IraqJ. AbduljabarHassanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-nahrain University, P.O. Box: 62021, Baghdad, IraqA. H.Al-helliDepartment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Engineering, College of Engineering Al-nahrain University, P.O. Box: 62021, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20250319Titanium and its alloys are widely used in biomedical applications. There are two essential uses in the biomedical field: dental and orthopedic. Ti13Nb13Zr has been predominantly used in orthopedic surgery over the last decade. In this research, Ti13Nb13Zr was coated with hydroxyapatite (HAP) to enhance osseointegration and improve corrosion characteristics. The pyrolysis spray technique was used to apply layers of HAP (2, 3, 4 and 5) on the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy, with a 2-minute interval between each layer to allow for drying. The coating was characterized using XRD, FESEM, and EDX, and its electrochemical corrosion properties were also investigated. The coated samples were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for one month and then tested using the same methods to evaluate the improvement in corrosion and osseointegration characteristics. The results show that coating before immersing in SBF solution was uniform, and the corrosion rate improved, reaching 5.779 × 10-5 mmpy compared with 1.741 × 10-3 mmpy for the uncoated sample, while the protection efficiency reached 96.68 %. After immersing in the SBF solution, the XRD, FESEM, and EDX test results confirm the formation of a new hydroxyapatite layer, and the corrosion rate and protection efficiency reached 3.498 × 10-5 mmpy and 98.27 % respectively. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82113_730795b30f76ad37c56ad34c449f8d86.pdfInstitute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213419220260501Innovation in Adding Natural Antimicrobial Agents to Improve the Physicochemical Performance of Konjac-Glucomann-Based Edible Films1351488211410.30509/pccc.2025.167595.1419ENL.SuriatiDepartment of Food Technology and Agriculture Product, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Warmadewa University, P.O. Box: 80235, Denpasar, IndonesiaF.TanakaFaculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, P.O. Box: 819-0395, Fukuoka, JapanP. C.TridtitanakiatDivision of Product Development Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, P.O. Box: 50100, Chiang Mai, ThailandL. P.WigatiGraduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, P.O. Box: 819-0395, Fukuoka, JapanX.YanGraduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, P.O. Box: 819-0395, Fukuoka, JapanM.FenzeDepartment of Preservation Technology Research on Agricultural Products, Vietnam Institution of Agricultural Engineering and Postharvest Technology, P.O. Box: 10000, Ha Noi, VietnamF. N.NkedeDepartment of Preservation Technology Research on Agricultural Products, Vietnam Institution of Agricultural Engineering and Postharvest Technology, P.O. Box: 10000, Ha Noi, VietnamT. T.VanGraduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, P.O. Box: 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan• Department of Preservation Technology Research on Agricultural Products, VietnamM. H.WardakDepartment of Preservation Technology Research on Agricultural Products, Vietnam Institution of Agricultural Engineering and Postharvest Technology, P.O. Box: 10000, Ha Noi, VietnamF.TanakaFaculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, P.O. Box: 819-0395, Fukuoka, JapanD.K. T.SukmadewiDepartment of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Warmadewa University, P.O. Box: 80235, Denpasar, IndonesiaJournal Article20250710Edible Film made from natural and edible ingredients has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional packaging. This study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of edible films consisting of konjac glucomannan, natural antimicrobial ingredients, and glycerol. Konjac-glucomann-based edible film (KEF) has emerged as an alternative to eco-friendly packaging. However, challenges related to mechanical strength, elasticity, and microbial resistance still need to be addressed. The edible film was prepared by combining konjac glucomannan flour (0.3 %) with 2 % thyme, cinnamon, and clove oils, along with 0.5 % chitosan, in an acidic solution. The edible konjac glucomannan film was tested for its characteristics in treatment without glycerol and with glycerol 1 %. Analysis of its physicochemical properties includes measurements of thickness, color, structure, moisture content, elongation, tensile strength, surface hydrophobicity, solubility in water, water vapor transmission rate, water vapor permeability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission. The results of the study show that KEF, a natural antimicrobial ingredient, and glycerol have good physicochemical properties. The addition of glycerol increases the flexibility and elasticity of KEF, reducing its tensile strength and mechanical properties. The addition of essential oils such as thyme, cloves, and cinnamon increases the antimicrobial activity of KEF, making it effective for food applications. The novelty of this study lies in the incorporating of natural antimicrobial agents to enhance the physicochemical performance of KEF. Research to develop edible films that do not affect food sensory is a challenge for the future. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82114_0360d7aed4b0c7503dbbd84dd8810391.pdfInstitute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213419220260501Comparative Study of Surfactants in Graphene Conductive Inks: From Dispersion Mechanisms to Electrical Properties1491618211510.30509/pccc.2025.167556.1398ENN.ValizadehDepartment of Printing Science and Technology, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, IranM.JaliliDepartment of Printing Science and Technology, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6818-0672F.AmeriDepartment of Color Physics, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, IranM.Mohammad Raei NaeiniDepartment of Printing Science and Technology, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250521The development of environmentally friendly, water-based conductive inks with exceptional dispersion stability and electrical conductivity is crucial for advancing next-generation printed electronics. This study systematically investigates the effects of surfactant type (SDBS, SDS, CTAB, and Triton X-100) and concentration on the dispersion stability and conductivity of graphene-based conductive inks. After scrutinizing the effect of surfactant type, the influence of its concentration has been investigated by sweeping the surfactants concentration in the range of 0.1 to 0.75 % (w/w). Moreover, the effects of surfactant concentration and various milling process (Ultrasonication, Jar Milling, and Magnetic Stirring) on conductivity are studied. UV-Vis. spectrophotometry, turbidimetry, particle size analysis, SEM, Confocal Raman analysis and four probe conductivity- meter are used for evaluation of dispersion stability and conductivity. Results revealed that anionic surfactants, particularly SDBS, outperformed cationic and nonionic surfactants due to enhanced electrostatic repulsion and π-π interactions with graphene. It was revealed that the optimal properties are obtainable by SDBS with 0.1 % (w/w), far below its critical micelle concentration which minimized micelle formation and improved conductivity. Magnetic stirring emerged as the most effective dispersion method, minimizing structural defects and achieving the lowest electrical resistivity (24-32 mΩ). The optimized formulation (0.1 % SDBS with magnetic stirring) resulted in a 15 % reduction in electrical resistivity compared to the standard formulation. The findings provide a rational framework for surfactant selection and ink formulation, paving the way for high-performance conductive inks in flexible electronics and other applications.https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82115_c306e594fc436f1d1e9b1cc302d44449.pdfInstitute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213419220260501Enhancing Anti-Aging Properties of Golden-Phase Leaves via Zinc Oxide–PVA–Chitosan Coating1631748211610.30509/pccc.2025.167567.1402ENP.PholnakFaculty of Science and Digital Innovation, Thaksin University (Phatthalung Campus), Phatthalung, ThailandP.BoonsaiFaculty of Science and Digital Innovation, Thaksin University (Phatthalung Campus), Phatthalung, ThailandA.TheppayaDepartment of Design Art, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Thaksin University, Songkhla, ThailandY.SirisathitkulSchool of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, ThailandFunctional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, ThailandC.SirisathitkulFunctional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, ThailandDivision of Physics, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, ThailandJournal Article20250610The golden leaf vine (Bauhinia aureifolia K. & S.S. Larsen) is renowned for its distinct heart-shaped leaves and intricate vein patterns, which display natural variations in golden or reddish-brown hues. These unique leaves are traditionally used for decorative purposes and as components of handicraft items. This study aimed to enhance the durability and preserve the natural appearance of these golden-phase leaves with a protective coating. A composite of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles integrated with chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was formulated and applied by spraying. The results demonstrated that the ZnO-PVA-chitosan composite effectively protected the leaves from moisture and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, significantly minimizing surface degradation and color fading after 18 cycles of accelerated aging. All RGB and CIELAB color indices showed less than five units of deviation from their initial values, indicating strong color retention. The increased L* value reflected a brighter appearance in the spray-coated leaves. In addition to preserving color vibrancy, the composite coating also maintained the structural integrity of the leaves more effectively than the uncoated or differently coated samples. This spray coating of ZnO-PVA-chitosan offers a promising solution for extending the lifespan of golden-phase leaves used in cultural and decorative applications while preserving their natural beauty. https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82116_dd0c1f26e0fe19a8bba3fde3e6f801b2.pdfInstitute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213419220260501Replacing tin Coatings with Chromium Oxide Nanocomposites to Improve the Inner Lining of Low Carbon Steel Food Cans1751878212210.30509/pccc.2025.167572.1404ENS. IBRAHIMJaafar Al-RubaieyDepartment of Metallurgy Engineering, College of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology, P.O. Box: 10066, Baghdad, IraqI.Yahiya MohammedDepartment of Science, Al-Turath University, P.O. Box: 10001, Baghdad, IraqZHassan AliIraqi Corrosion Center, Cooperation of Research and Industrial Development, Ministry of Industry and Minerals, P.O. Box: 10100, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20250616In regions with extreme climatic fluctuations-such as Iraq, characterized by high ambient temperatures, variable humidity, and extended food storage periods-the corrosion resistance and structural integrity of metal food packaging present critical challenges. Conventional tin-coated steel cans, though widely adopted, often fail to provide adequate long-term protection against corrosion and mechanical degradation under these harsh environmental conditions. This study proposes an innovative, non-toxic chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticle-reinforced polymeric coating as a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional tin linings for low-carbon steel food cans. The nanocomposite was formulated by dispersing Cr2O3 nanoparticles (0.1-0.3 wt.%) within a food-grade polymer matrix prepared from locally available Iraqi raw materials. The coatings demonstrated enhanced adhesion strength and corrosion resistance, both of which increased proportionally with nanoparticle content. Quantitatively, coatings with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 % Cr2O3 achieved adhesion strengths of 3.3 MPa, 3.8 MPa, and 4.0 MPa, respectively, with corresponding corrosion protection efficiencies of 74, 81, and 89 %. In contrast, traditional 0.3 % Sn-coated samples showed significantly lower performance, with an adhesion strength of 2.2 MPa and corrosion resistance limited to 45 %. Post-cyclic polarization SEM analysis revealed extensive cracking in Sn-based coatings, while Cr2O3 nanocomposites displayed minimal micro-pitting (<2 μm) and a ~70 % reduction in crack density. Tafel extrapolation confirmed the superior stability of Cr2O3 coatings, sustaining performance up to 1950 mV without significant degradation. The study validates that Cr2O3 nanocomposites not only surpass tin coatings in mechanical robustness and corrosion inhibition but also offer an eco-friendly, scalable solution for food packaging. Leachate bio-compatibility tests further affirm their suitability for food-contact applications, making them particularly suitable for use in climates similar to Iraq's.https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82122_83e395378aee53d94fe2f116a76f9523.pdfInstitute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213419220260501Development of Low-Smoke, Eco-Friendly, Fire Retardant, Intumescent Coatings for GI and Steel Structures1892058213610.30509/pccc.2025.167584.1413ENC.MehtaFire Safety Engineering, CSIR- Central Building Research Institute, P.O. Box: 247667, Roorkee, IndiaA.KumarFire Safety Engineering, CSIR- Central Building Research Institute, P.O. Box: 247667, Roorkee, IndiaM. KumarTiwariCentre of Excellence-Occupational Health, Safety, Fire and Environment, GD Goenka University, Sohna, P.O. Box: 122103, Gurugram, IndiaR.KumarFire Safety Engineering, CSIR- Central Building Research Institute, P.O. Box: 247667, Roorkee, IndiaJournal Article20250704This study presents the development of eco-friendly intumescent coatings with reduced smoke emission. Water-based formulations were developed by adjusting the type of binder used (PVAc, PVAc-Epoxy) and incorporating a smoke suppressant filler (Zinc Borate) to enhance performance. Fire tests revealed that these coatings produced carbonaceous char layers over 70 times thicker than the original coating. Char morphology and composition were evaluated via SEM-EDS and TGA. The most effective formulation, comprising a water-based binder with 50 % epoxy and hardener, exhibited superior fire resistance, passing the BS 476 Part 5 ignitability test. It achieved a fire propagation index below 12 (BS 476 Part 6) and attained Class 1 surface flame spread (BS 476 Part 7). Smoke density (ASTM E 662) remained below critical thresholds specified by NFPA 230, with optical densities under 100 and 200 at 1.5 and 4 minutes, respectively. Formulation IC3 nearly satisfied non-combustibility criteria and maintained steel substrate temperatures at approximately 200 °C for 120 minutes in direct flame, demonstrating robust thermal insulation.https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82136_1256fa8b6a3505ed6b0463a4b7123c9e.pdfInstitute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213419220260501Enhanced Antibacterial and Sustainable Wool Textiles Using Plant-Derived Indigo Dyes and Silver Nanoparticles2072308213710.30509/pccc.2025.167618.1426ENS.RafieiDepartment of Carpet, Faculty of applied Arts, Shiraz University of Arts, P. O. Box: 7146696989, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.Journal Article20250802The textile industry seeks sustainable alternatives to synthetic dyes and antimicrobial agents. This study introduces a novel synergistic platform on wool textiles by harnessing natural indigo dye not only as a colorant but also as a bioreductant for the in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The primary novelty lies in the creation of a controlled, dual-phase antimicrobial system (Ag⁰/Ag⁺) directly on the fiber, a mechanism absent in conventional finishing. Polyphenolic compounds inherent to plant-derived indigo selectively reduced silver ions, yielding a combination of metallic Ag⁰ nanoparticles for sustained release and residual Ag⁺ ions for immediate bactericidal action. This dual-phase system was confirmed by XPS analysis, revealing a controlled speciation of 75-80% Ag⁰ and 20-25% Ag⁺. The combined treatment exhibited genuine synergistic efficacy, as confirmed by a Synergy Index (SI) of 1.31-1.48 (p < 0.01), resulting in a greater than 99% reduction in bacterial growth (2.1-2.3 log) against S. aureus and E. coli. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that indigo’s π-conjugated aromatic structure facilitates coordination with silver species, enhancing nanoparticle adhesion. This was evidenced by FTIR peak shifts (1630→1620 cm⁻¹), resulting in superior wash fastness, with 82% of antimicrobial activity retained after 25 AATCC wash cycles, compared to 65% for AgNP-only treated wool. This green, one-pot functionalization approach offers a scalable strategy for producing high-performance, multifunctional textiles with durable, clinically grade anti-microbial properties for sustainable applications.https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82137_8c2277fa6dbfea6e11dcc3c69a93019d.pdfInstitute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213419220260501Sustainable Dyeing of Silk Fabric with Mango Leaf Extract: Comparative Assessment of Natural and Metallic Mordants on Colorimetric and Fastness Properties2312458213810.30509/pccc.2025.167632.1433ENM. R.HossenDepartment of Wet Processing Engineering, Shahid Abdur Rab Serniabat Textile Engineering College, P.O. Box: 8200, Barishal, BangladeshSenior Executive, Apex Holdings Limited, P.O. Box: 1751, Chandra, Kaliakoir, Gazipur, BangladeshS.SayamDepartment of Fabric Engineering, Barishal Textile Engineering College, P.O. Box: 8200, Barishal, BangladeshS.AkterDepartment of Geography and Environmental Studies, National University Bangladesh, Gazipur, P.O. Box: 1704, Dhaka, BangladeshJournal Article20250815This study investigates the sustainable dyeing of silk fabric with mango leaf extract and compares the effects of natural and metallic mordants on colorimetric and fastness properties. Silk fabric was degummed, bleached, and dyed using mango leaf extract under pre-, simultaneous, and post-mordanting techniques with bio-mordants (Aloe vera, lemon, myrobalan, mango bark, eucalyptus) and metallic salts (alum, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate). Color analysis showed that simultaneous mordanting with mango bark achieved the highest color strength among natural mordants (K/S = 16.25, 127 %), while ferrous sulfate produced the deepest shade under post-mordanting (K/S = 14.93, 117 %). Aloe vera and lemon generated lighter shades, whereas tannin-rich mordants significantly reduced reflectance and improved absorption at λmax, confirming their strong affinity for dyes. Fastness performance was satisfactory across all samples, with washing and rubbing ratings ranging from 4 to 5 on the ISO grey scale. Results demonstrate that natural mordants can provide color performance comparable to that of metallic salts while reducing environmental hazards. The findings highlight the potential of natural mordants and mango leaf extract as eco-friendly alternatives for protein-based textile dyeing; however, further research is necessary to enhance shade reproducibility, extraction efficiency, and scalability for industrial applications.https://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/article_82138_af3fd735f9ffc21a63f5da683f66ffbb.pdf