Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213415320220701New Eco-friendly Coating Formulations for Recycled Paperboards: Effect on Print Quality and Ink Volume Consumption1751898179010.30509/pccc.2021.166804.1110ENPrakashaShettyProfessor, Chemistry Dept., Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, INDIA0000-0003-3023-7263RamnathShenoyDepartment of Media Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal0000-0002-2937-5258Journal Article20210217<em>The coatings are commonly applied on paperboards in packaging to improve their strength and printability. This study focuses on the effect of new eco-friendly coating formulations on the colorimetric performance of recycled paperboards for packaging applications. China clay (F1) and montmorillonite clay (F2) based eco-friendly formulations were prepared and applied on selected recycled paperboards using a K-bar coater for three different coating thicknesses (4, 10, and 15 µm). The coated recycled paperboards were printed using an IGT printability tester, and the colorimetric performance was evaluated by comparing the color difference (ΔE) of the printed image with the ISO 12647-2 (2013) standard. The preliminary studies on coated recycled paperboards printed with black offset ink revealed that recycled paperboards coated with formulation F1 for 4 µm thickness showed better colorimetric performance compared to those coated with formulation F2. The China clay-based coating (F1) improved the surface structure by reducing the surface pores and roughness of the coated recycled paperboards. The improved surface structure, higher surface energy, and zeta potential of China-based formulation (F1) have resulted in better printability. Printing solid images using four-color offset ink with 1 and 2 mL ink volumes was used to test the colorimetric printability of coated recycled paperboards. Colorimetric printability was significantly improved using 1 mL of ink supply due to decreased ink absorption on coated recycled boards. The hypothesis test was carried out by performing paired t-test using IBM SPSS 20 software to verify the experimental results.</em>Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213415320220701Electrical Conductivity and Surface Morphology of PVB Films Doped with Different Nanoparticles1912028179510.30509/pccc.2021.166839.1120ENR. M.OmerDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, P. O. Box: 34001, Tikrit, IraqE. T. B.Al-TikrityDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, P. O. Box: 34001, Tikrit, IraqR. N.AbedMechanical Engineering Department, Engineering College, Al-Nahrain University, P. O. Box: 64040, Baghdad, Iraq0000-0001-5196-617XM.KhadumDepartment of Environmental Science, College of Renewable Energy and Environmental Science, Alkarkh University of Science, P. O. Box: 31020, Baghdad, IraqA. H.JawadFaculty of Applied Sciences, University Teknology MARA, Shah Alam, P. O. Box: 40450, Selangor, Malaysia.E.YousifDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, P. O. Box: 64021, Baghdad, Iraq0000-0003-1458-4724Journal Article20210424M<em>ultiple poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) nanocomposites films embedded with Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>,CuO, NiO, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the casting method. Loading ratios of 0.001 wt.% of the nanoparticles were used in films preparation and the process was conducted at room temperature. The electrical properties of PVB nanocomposites films were analyzed at a frequency of 1-3 MHz. These properties included the dielectric constant (real and imaginary parts (Ɛ' and Ɛ'', respectively)), conductivity (ϬAC), loss factor (tan δ), surface energy loss function (SELF), and volume energy loss function (VELF). These variables showed a significant improvement once the films were filled with the NPs comparing with the blank PVB. Furthermore, a surface morphology examination for the PVB nanocomposites films was conducted using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Overall, findings revealed that PVB nanocomposite films showed a higher conductivity compared to the PVB blank. Thus, this type of nanocomposite films could be utilized in photovoltaics, optical devices, and military apparatuses due to their extraordinary features, such as the radiation resistivity.</em>Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213415320220701Synthesis, Infra-red Study, and Application of Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Modified with 1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives as Novel Fluorescent Disperse Dye2032118179410.30509/pccc.2021.166837.1119ENM.DodangehDepartment of Organic Colorants, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.K.GharanjigDepartment of Organic Colorants, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.Center of Excellence for Color Science and Technology, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-0115-3557M.AramiTextile Engineering Department, Amirkabir University, P. O. Box: 1591639675, Tehran, Iran.M.MohammadianTextile Engineering Department, Kashan Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box: 87135433, Kashan, Iran.Journal Article20210419I<em>nfra-red spectroscopy is one of the most accessible and effective methods for identifying the newly synthesized compounds. In this paper the infrared characterization of photoactive polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers of zero, second and fourth generations modified with four different 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives were described. The effect of the dendrimer generations and various substituents at C-4 position of the 1,8-naphthalimide rings towards the dendrimers polarization were examined. Results have clearly shown that the dendrimer generations have negligible effect on molecules polarization. Meanwhile, the nature of the substituent at C-4 atoms of 1,8-naphthalimide rings and its capability to resonance with imide group strongly effect on the molecular polarization. This phenomenon might be attributed to the differences in the conjugational or migrating ability of the electrons from the PAMAM core to the peripheral 1,8-naphthalimides. Synthesize fluorescent dye was finally applied for dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric and building-up properties, wash and light fastness were examined. </em>Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213415320220701Resistance of Anticorrosive Coatings on Carbon Steel in Nine Cities of Ecuador2132238179810.30509/pccc.2021.166827.1115ENF. X.CadenaCentro de Investigaciones Aplicadas a Polímeros, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, P.O. Box: 170517, Quito, Ecuador.0000-0003-4510-1844J. E.SosaCentro de Investigaciones Aplicadas a Polímeros, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, P.O. Box: 170517, Quito, Ecuador.Journal Article20210401<em>This study shows the protection level of various anticorrosive coatings applied on carbon steel through laboratory and field tests performed in a salt spray test chamber and a xenon arc testing machine for up to 500 hours. Field tests developed them during one year in nine cities of Ecuador (South America). Quito (two urban stations), Guayaquil (one station marine and another urban-marine), Santo Domingo (subtropical station), Manta (urban-marine), Portoviejo (urban), Machala (urban-marine), Latacunga (urban), Cuenca (industrial), and Esmeraldas (industrial-marine). Field tests allowed it to determine the corrosive category of these cities. The stations from Esmeraldas and Cuenca presented the most aggressive environments. In this first-year study, the results obtained with these coatings evidence their behavior depends on the test station. This behavior explained remarkable differences in marine, industrial, mixed locations and those with high relative humidity.</em>Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213415320220701A Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study of CI Fluorescent Brightener 113 on Cotton2252338180210.30509/pccc.2021.166859.1124ENK.LuepongDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, P.O. Box: 10120, Bangkok, ThailandP.PunyachareonnonDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, P.O. Box: 10300, Bangkok, ThailandW.SarakarnkosolDepartment of Research and development, Worldtext Commercial Co., Ltd., P.O.Box: 10160, Bangkok, ThailandJournal Article20210627<em>Fluorescent brightening agents are dyestuffs in which adsorption is the primary mechanism involved in the dyeing process. They are commonly used to improve the brightness in various industrial products, especially textiles. FBA 113 is widely used in the dyeing process for cotton. This study aims to evaluate the optimum dyeing process of FBA 113 on cotton to assess the dyeing behavior, the adsorption isotherm model, and thermodynamic parameters. The study examined various parameters, including dyeing times, dyeing temperature, the amount of dye, and auxiliary. Variations in conditions were observed to define the dyeing equilibrium time, the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order dyeing kinetic model, and the thermodynamic parameters, such as enthalpy (DH<sup>0</sup>), entropy (DS<sup>0</sup>), and Gibb's energy (DG<sup>0</sup>). The results show that the appropriate dyeing was FBA 113 0.25 % owf with 20 g/L KCl as an auxiliary, the best dyeing temperature was 323 K, and the equilibrium time was 120 min. This dyeing reflected an adsorption behavior that displayed multilayer adsorption that corresponded to the Freundlich isotherm. Also, the adsorption model had a pseudo-second-order of 0.9874 using linear regression. The dyeing reaction was exothermic, with DH<sup>0 </sup>-26.58 kJ/mol, DS<sup>0 </sup>34.19 J/mol, and the spontaneous process had a negative DG<sup>0</sup> value. The fiber and dye interacted physically. The study can enhance our understanding of FBA 113 dyeing behavior and identify situations in which it can be used in other dyeing process models, which will help optimize further dyeing studies.</em>Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213415320220701Characterization Effect of Copper Oxide and Cobalt Oxide Nanocomposite on Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Doping Process for Solar Energy Applications2352418179710.30509/pccc.2021.166858.1123ENA. N.AbedMechanical Engineering Department, Engineering College, Al-Nahrain University, P.O. Box: 64040, Baghdad, Iraq.R. N.AbedMechanical Engineering Department, Engineering College, Al-Nahrain University, P.O. Box: 64040, Baghdad, Iraq.Journal Article20210625<em>The optical properties for pure poly(vinyl chloride) were doped by nanomaterials of CuO and CoO with various concentration ratios has been applied on a glass substrate. The result obtained was shown the thin film coating of CuO and CoO has a high absorptive of solar energy. Optical properties have been measure by the UV-Visible spectra and reflectivity tests in the wavelengths range (200-1200 nm) at room temperature. The transmittance, absorbance, refractive index, extinction factor, and energy gap were used to study different optical properties. Optical energy gap (E<sub>g</sub>), absorbance coefficient, reflectance, transmittance, skin depth, optical density. These properties have been increased by doping PVC with nanomaterials. The energy gaps were calculated and their values have been investigated. The energy gap value was found to be a decline from 5.15 eV for pure PVC to 2.2 and 2.1 eV for PVC/CuO and PVC/CoO, respectively of the nanocomposites. The optical data was interpreted and analyzed by phonon theory to assist in the direct transition of electrons, it is clear that the energy gap is influenced by nanomaterials used in doping poly(vinyl chloride), then the present results depend on the optical properties of pure and poly(vinyl chloride) films adopted with nanomaterials. The AFM has been used to determine the surface morphology of the thin films and the distribution of nanoparticles which was inspected in three dimensional images. </em>Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213415320220701Corrosion Inhibition Activity of Cefixime on Mild Steel Surface in Aqueous Sulphuric Acid2432558180810.30509/pccc.2021.166889.1133ENS.TANWERDepartment of Chemistry, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad-221004, Haryana India.S. KumarShuklaDepartment of Chemistry, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad-221004, Haryana India.Journal Article20210906<em>Interaction of pharmaceutically active drug Cefixime on mild steel surface in 0.5 M sulphuric acid solution was studied using gravimetric analysis techniques, Polarization techniques, i.e., Polarization resistance, Tafel polarization, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) techniques.<strong> </strong>It shows more than 96 % corrosion inhibition efficiency at an ambient temperature of 308 <sup>o</sup>K on a mild steel surface with a 4.0×10<sup>-4 </sup>M inhibitor concentration. Gravimetric studies were also conducted at various temperatures and concentration ranges of the testing solution to justify their range of applicability at different practical conditions. And It is found very much suitable for its workings at the normal temperature and lower acid concentration ranges. Adsorption parameters and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from gravimetric analysis data. These parameters were obtained at different temperatures and concentration ranges and reveal that the inhibitor follows the physical adsorption mechanism. Langmuir's adsorption isotherm governs the adsorption of the cefixime molecule. Inhibition of cefixime on the surface of mild steel is supplemented by atomic force microscopy. The result reveals that the inhibited surface has less roughness than the uninhibited surface.</em>Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST)Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings2008-213415320220701Microwave-assisted Combustion Synthesis of (GdxY2-x) O3:Eu3+ Nanoparticles2572688180410.30509/pccc.2021.166854.1122ENH.AhmadianDepartment of Semiconductor, Materials and Energy Research Center, P.O. Box: 31787-316, Karaj, IranF. A.HessariDepartment of Semiconductor, Materials and Energy Research Center, P.O. Box: 31787-316, Karaj, Iran0000 0002 4374 4785A. M.ArabiDepartment of Inorganic Pigments and Glaze, Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST), P.O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, IranJournal Article20210609<em>(Gd<sub>x</sub>Y<sub>2-x</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>:Eu<sup>3+</sup> nanoparticles were synthesized from stoichiometric metal nitrates mixture (oxidizer) and glycine (fuel) by microwave-assisted combustion method. (Gd<sub>x</sub>Y<sub>2-x</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>:Eu<sup>3+</sup> nanoparticles were fully crystalized in solution combustion step by microwave irradiation. These nanoparticles were thermally treated at 300, 500, 700, 900, and 1100 °C for about 30 min to release the combustion-induced stresses. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) techniques. Based on the XRD spectra, the as-synthesized sample was crystalline and single-phase. The crystallinity of nanoparticles was further improved after additional thermal treatment. The main PL peaks intensity (PLI) at 612 and 590 nm (relating to <sup>5</sup>D<sub>0</sub>-<sup>7</sup>F<sub>2</sub> electric bipolar and<sup> 5</sup>D<sub>0</sub>-<sup>7</sup>F<sub>1</sub> magnetic dipole transitions, respectively) were increased upon thermal treatment above 300 °C. The PLI was increased about twice of the as-synthesized sample upon thermal treatment at 1000 °C. The Chromaticity coordinates diagram of the emission were evaluated based on the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram. TEM images confirmed the grain growth from ~25 nm to over 100 nm after thermal treatment. The substitution of Eu<sup>3+</sup> instead of Y<sup>3+</sup> or Gd<sup>3+</sup> was also confirmed by EDX point analysis in (Gd<sub>x</sub>Y<sub>2-x</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>:Eu<sup>3+</sup> structure. Crystallographic planes of the synthesized samples were investigated using SAED patterns. Crystallinity of samples with increasing the heat-treatment temperature was promoted. Also AFM images confirm the enhancement of particles size with increasing temperature.</em>